Factors influencing the horse's results at central Polish jumping events
Anna Stachurska 1 , Mirosław Pięta 2
1 Department of Horse Breeding and Use, 2 Department of Sheep and Goat Breeding,
Agricultural University, Akademicka 134, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse how certain factors influence
the results of horses competing at central Polish jumping events. One
thousand seven hundred and thirty-six rounds made in 49 competitions by
323 horses were considered. The number of knock-downs and run-outs with
refusals at obstacles compared to the total number of jumps in the
round was scored. The analysis shows that the results of the horses
competing at the central Polish jumping events depend on various
factors besides the class of a competition, which is considered in
horse rankings. The factors are: the competition type, the distance,
the number of rounds in a day, the weather conditions, the rider's age
category and the horse's size. The obstacles are knocked down more
frequently in competitions run against the clock, in the accumulator
with joker competition, in competitions of a shorter distance, in case
of the second round made by a horse in a day, a higher competition
class and when it is raining. They are run out more often in the
accumulator with joker and the rider's style competitions, as well as
when the horses are higher at withers or are ridden by juniors.
Keywords: horse, jumping ability, competition, jumping event
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 15-21
Assessment of size of centromeric heterochromatin regions in Puławska pigs
Marek Babicz 1 , Barbara Rejduch 2 , Anna Kozubska-Sobocińska 2 ,
Barbara Danielak-Czech 2 , Aleksander Walkiewicz 1 , Ewa Słota 2
1 Department of Pig Breeding and Production Technology, Agricultural University, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
2 Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology,
Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal
Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Size variation of constitutive heterochromatin blocks of acrocentric
chromosome pairs 13-18 was analysed in Puławska pigs. Ten Puławska
gilts, kept at the Experimental Farm of the Agricultural University of
Lublin in Czesławice, were analysed. Centromeric regions in metaphase
spreads were stained by CBG banding. Analysis was made on a total of
140 cells (14 per gilt). The size of heterochromatin blocks was
measured with MultiScan software for computer-assisted microscopic
image analysis. Polymorphic forms were determined using relative values
that expressed the ratio of C-band sizes. Microscopic analysis of
metaphase spreads revealed the polymorphism of centromeric
heterochromatin blocks in heterozygous form in acrocentric chromosome
pairs 13, 14, 15 and 16. It was found that differences in the size of
constitutive heterochromatin most often concerned chromosome pair 16
(in four gilts). Polymorphism of centromeric regions was observed twice
in pair 13. In pairs 14 and 15, differences occurred in single animals.
No polymorphic size variants were observed in centromeres of autosome
pairs 17 and 18. The polymorphic forms of C-bands determined on
acrocentric chromosomes of the experimental animals will be used as
chromosome markers in the description of Puławska pigs.
Key words: pigs, Puławska breed, polymorphism, heterochromatin, C-bands
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 23-31
Percentages of the most valuable elements in pork carcasses from different EUROP classes, graded with four devices
Tomasz Daszkiewicz, Stanisław Wajda
Department of Animal Raw Materials Commodity Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
Abstract
The aim of the present studies was to determine the percentages of
loin, ham, shoulder and neck in pork carcasses from various EUROP
classes with four devices, i.e. Ultra-Fom 100 (364 carcasses),
Ultra-Fom 300 (99 carcasses), CGM (239 carcasses) and CMM (250
carcasses). The coefficients of simple correlation between the
percentages of these elements in carcasses and carcass meatiness were
also calculated. It was found that carcasses representing lower classes
were characterized by lower percentages of loin, ham, shoulder and
neck. The highest correlation was observed between carcass meatiness
and the percentages of loin and ham. The total content of the most
valuable elements in carcasses was correlated to the lowest degree with
carcass meatiness estimated with Ultra-Fom 100 (r=0.40**) and to a much
higher degree with meatiness determined with the other devices
(r=0.60**). There was a positive correlation between the percentages of
loin and ham, and neck and shoulder. However, the coefficients of
correlation between these elements were relatively low (r<0.3),
despite their statistical significance. Among the four most valuable
carcass elements analysed in the investigations, the highest
correlation was observed between their total content and the percentage
of loin (r=0.65** to r=0.67**) and ham (r=0.64** to r=0.76**).
Key words: pig carcasses, EUROP classes, primal cuts
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 33-42
Physical traits and hatching results of eggs from geese of Polish regional varieties
Tomasz Kisiel, Juliusz Książkiewicz
Department of Waterfowl Breeding Dworzyska, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 62-035 Kórnik near Poznań, Poland
Abstract
In conservative flocks of regional varieties of geese originated
from southern Poland : L ublin (Lu), Kielce (Ki) and Subcarpathian (Pd)
and geese originated from northern Poland: Rypin (Ry), Kartuzy (Ka) and
Suwałki (Su), physical traits of eggs at the beginning (a), peak (b)
and end of laying (c) and results of egg fertility and gosling
hatchability were determined. Statistically significant differences
were found between the goose varieties in egg width (from 57.2 to 59.0
mm), egg shape index (from 65.5 to 67.6), shell percentage in egg
weight (from 10.5 to 11.0%) and egg fertility (from 87.7 to 93.8%).
Goose eggs obtained at the peak of laying were significantly different
among the flocks in terms of weight, width, shape index, weight and
percentage of shell in egg, as well as area and thickness of egg shell.
The weight and diameter of yolk differed significantly among the flocks
in the initial, and the percentage of egg in yolk in the final period
of laying. In addition, statistically significant differences in egg
fertilization percentage were found at the peak and at the end of
laying.
Key words: geese, biodiversity, conservative flocks, physical traits of egg, hatching results
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 43-55
Effect of copper inhibitors in diet on cows' yield, milk composition and cholesterol level in milk and blood serum
Franciszek Brzóska
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
The experiment was conducted with 16 multiparous Red-and-White cows
in a 4 ´ 4 Latin square design. The effects of dietary copper level and
copper inhibitors (iron, sulphur) on milk yield, milk characteristics,
cholesterol content of milk, composition of fatty acids in milk, and
level of principal serum metabolites were investigated. Copper intake
was: 166 mg/d without Cu and Zn supplement (group I), 166 mg/d without
Cu and Zn supplement and with added Fe and S (group II), 286 mg/d with
added Cu and Zn (group III) and 646 mg/d with a high Cu and Zn
supplement (group IV). Cows were fed with grass and maize silages and a
concentrate mixture at a rate of 0.29 kg/kg milk output. Dry matter
intake averaged 19.49±0.41 kg/d, including 11.67±0.21 kg/d for silages
and 7.89 kg/d for concentrate mixture. Milk production averaged
28.33±0.68 kg/d and did not differ among the cows. No significant
effect of the levels of dietary copper, zinc, iron and sulphur on total
cholesterol in milk was observed. Cholesterol content of milk averaged
11.27±0.25 mg/100 ml. There were no significant differences in the
content of fat, protein and lactose in milk and in their yield, which
was equal to 1050, 977 and 1397 g/d, respectively. Levels of copper and
zinc in cow diets did not significantly affect the level of N fractions
in milk, including casein N, nor the composition of fatty acids in
milk. There was no significant effect of copper and zinc level in cow
diets and copper and zinc inhibitors on the level of cholesterol and
examined metabolites in blood serum. Based on the results it is
concluded that the levels of copper and zinc and of iron and sulphur as
their inhibitors in cow diets do not significantly affect lipid
metabolism in cows and cholesterol content of milk and blood serum.
Key words: dairy cows, copper, zinc, iron, sulphur, cholesterol, milk nutrients
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 57-67
Effect of dietary selenium on milk yield of cows and chemical composition of milk and blood
Franciszek Brzóska, Barbara Brzóska
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Thirty-two multiparous cows were investigated in a randomized block
design (8 cows per group) during the grazing period. The cows received
selenium in an unsupplemented mineral mixture and at a rate of 0, 2.4,
4.8 and 9.6 mg/d in the form of sodium selenite. This corresponded to
0.04, 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 mg Se/kg of dry matter. Giving the cows
different selenium doses did not affect total feed and dry matter
intakes. Average intake of dry matter was 20.03±0.14 kg/d, including
6.38±0.11 kg/d concentrate for the diet. Supplementation of the cows
with selenium significantly increased selenium concentration in blood
and milk. Giving selenium at a rate of 0.12 to 0.48 ľg Se/kg of diet
dry matter increased selenium concentration in blood from 20.18 to
39.05 ľg/100 ml and in milk from 10.02 to 21.09 ľg Se/1000 ml. Selenium
supplementation did not significantly affect the milk output, milk
physical traits, and amounts of fat, protein and lactose in 24-h
periods. Average milk yield was 24.81±0.47 kg/d, including 23.80±0.42
kg/d for 4% FCM milk. The contents of fat, protein and lactose in milk
were 3.73±0.03, 3.05±0.03 and 4.85±0.03, respectively. Production of
milk nutrients was 921±20, 755±15 and 1208±26 g/d, respectively. There
were no significant differences in milk traits such as density, acidity
and clotting time, which amounted to 1.0288±0.0001 g/cm 3 , 6.40±0.06 °
SH and 129±8 s, respectively. Supplementing the cows with selenium did
not cause significant changes in the contents of glucose, urea,
triglycerides, and major mineral elements in blood serum, but
significantly decreased the level of cholesterol from 228.57 to 183.91
mg/dl, including HDL and LDL lipoproteins. The results indicate that to
obtain about 20 ľg Se/litre milk, it is necessary to apply about 0.30
mg Se/kg of diet dry matter for cows.
Key words: selenium, cows, yield, milk nutrients
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 69-78
Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids and selenium on cows' milk yield and composition
Franciszek Brzóska
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Sixteen multiparous cows were investigated in a 4 ´ 4 Latin square
design. Selenium was added to a mineral mixture in the form of sodium
selenite at a rate of 0.20 (low level) and 0.45 (high level) mg Se/kg
dry matter, which corresponded to an intake of 3.5 and 7.7 mg Se/d.
Dietary fat in the form of calcium salts of fatty acids (Erafet,
Innfoss) was produced from rapeseed oil, fish oil and linseed oil and
supplemented at a rate of 4.36% of ration dry matter, which
corresponded to 770 g/cow/d. Supplementation of the cows with calcium
salts of fatty acids (CaSFA) and different selenium doses did not
affect total feed and dry matter intake. Dry matter intake averaged
17.55±0.13 kg/d, including 9.27±0.08 kg/d for silages. Intake of
concentrate mixture averaged 6.11±0.11 kg/d. Dietary fat and selenium
had no significant effect on milk output, nutrient content, physical
characteristics of milk and amount of milk components obtained in 24-h
periods. Milk yield averaged 25.15±0.41 kg/d. The content of fat,
protein and lactose in milk was 3.73±0.08, 3.36±0.05 and 5.01±0.02,
respectively. No significant differences were found in milk
characteristics such as acidity, density and renneting time. There were
no significant differences in the content of glucose, total protein and
urea in blood serum. Supplementing the cows with CaSFA significantly
increased the content of triglycerides and cholesterol in blood, while
higher selenium doses significantly reduced the content of both
triglycerides and cholesterol. Supplementing the cows with higher
selenium doses significantly increased its content in blood and milk.
The content of selenium increased on average from 35.81 to 50.23 ľg/dl
in blood and from 15.52 to 26.29 ľg/l in milk. In conclusion, about 20
ľg Se/l milk can be obtained when using above 0.30 mg Se/kg of ration
dry matter, which corresponds to 3.5-4.0 mg Se/cow/d and is not related
to the level of dietary fat.
Key words : calcium salts of fatty acids, selenium, yield, milk nutrients
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 79-90
Iodine and selenium concentration in cow's milk and serum
and its relation to milk yield, mineral content and selected metabolic parameters
Witold Wiewióra 1 , Franciszek Brzóska 2 , Barbara Brzóska 2 , Mariusz Pietras 2
1 Experimental Station, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Grodziec Sląski Ltd., 43-386 Swiętoszówka, Poland
2 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary iodine
and selenium and their interaction on cow performance, milk composition
and characteristics, iodine and selenium concentration in blood and
milk, and concentration of thyroid hormones in blood. The study was
carried out in an analog design with 32 Red-and-White cows assigned to
four groups, each of 8 cows. The 126-day experiment consisted of three
42-day periods. The dietary ration contained pasture grass, fresh
brewer's grain, a feed mixture and a mineral mixture differing in
iodine and selenium concentrations. The dietary concentration averaged
1.69 and 2.99 mg/kg d.m. for iodine and 0.32 and 0.54 mg/kg d.m. for
selenium. The effect of iodine intake was not significant on the milk
yield, fat and protein content of milk, and milk density. Higher
selenium doses significantly increased the milk yield and the protein
content of milk. Cow performance during the experiment averaged
20.85±0.72 kg/day, with 3.82±0.07% fat content and 3.26±0.4% protein
content. Milk acidity was 6.53±0.10 ° SH and milk density 1.0300±0.0002
g/cm 3 . The iodine concentration in milk for both dietary iodine
concentrations was 92.92 and 132.65 ľg/1000 ml, and that of selenium
6.14 and 8.94 ľg/1000 ml, respectively. 5.2 to 7.5% iodine and 1.9 to
2.7% selenium were secreted in milk in relation to their intake. The
higher iodine dose significantly increased magnesium concentration in
blood plasma and sodium and zinc concentration in milk. The higher
selenium doses significantly increased the concentration of calcium in
milk. There was no significant interaction of iodine and selenium in
their effect on the mineral components of cows' blood and milk. The
higher iodine doses significantly increased the level of triglycerides,
total cholesterol and LDL and HDL fractions in blood plasma. No
significant interaction of iodine and selenium in their effect on
metabolic indicators of glucose, protein and fat was found.
Key words : cows, iodine, selenium, interaction, yield, milk nutrients, blood
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 91-100
Effect of feeding herb mixture on cow performance,
modification of milk chemical composition, technological value of milk
for processing and nutritive value for humans
Juliusz Kraszewski 1 , Tadeusz Grega 2 , Marek Wawrzyński 3
1 Department of Animal Production Technology and
Ecology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083
Balice n. Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Animal Products Processing, Agricultural University, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-59 Kraków, Poland
3 Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Animal Production, Rossocha Ltd., 96-200 Rawa Mazowiecka, Poland
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of feeding high-yielding cows
with concentrates containing 1 or 2% herb supplements. The best results
were obtained in a group of cows given a concentrate ration with the 2%
herb supplement. In relation to the unsupplemented control group, there
was significantly better nutrient conversion per 1 kg milk obtained,
1.6 kg higher daily milk yield on average, and 0.08% higher fat and
0.04% higher protein contents of milk. The milk was technologically
more suitable for cheese making. Composition of fatty acids both in
milk and in butter made from it showed that both these products were of
greater nutritive value for humans.
Key words: cows, feeding, herb mixture, yield, milk composition, technological value
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 101-108
Slaughter value of Black-and-White bulls finished on a reduced energy diet
Ryszard Chaberski 1 , Adam Oler 2
1 Agricultural Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection, Winna Góra, 63-013 Szlachcin, Poland
2 Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Technology and Agriculture, ul. Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Abstract
The effect of reducing the energy value of a diet to 80% maintenance
requirement during the final 64 and 50 days of finishing young
Black-and-White bulls on carcass parameters was investigated. Change of
the diet improved EUROP carcass grading scores thanks to better
muscling and lower fat content of the carcass, with no changes in
composition of the m. longissimus dorsi muscle and dressing percentage. The duration of feeding the modified diet had no significant effect on the parameters studied.
Key words: bulls, fattening, slaughter value
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 109-124
Assessment of reproductive and dairy performance,
body condition and fatness in Black-and-White heifers depending on
energy and protein feeding level
Krzysztof Bilik 1 , Juliusz Strzetelski 1 , Barbara Niwińska 1 , Stanisław Osięgłowski 2
1 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-082 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
2 Experimental Station, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 64-122 Pawłowice, Poland
Abstract
The effects of feeding rations with different levels of energy (UFL)
and protein (PDI) during the prepubertal and postpubertal phase on
growth, body condition, degree of fatness and some reproductive traits
of Black-and-White ´ Holstein-Friesian heifers and their subsequent
milk yield and composition were investigated. The relationship between
body condition score and degree of fatness, as measured on live animals
by subcutaneous fat thickness on the back was also determined for
heifers of different age during growth, prior to calving and after
calving. The studies were carried out with 43 Black-and-White heifers
(77.5% HF) from 6 months of age to 100 days of lactation. Animals were
assigned to 5 groups equivalent in terms of genotype, age and body
weight (8-10 animals per group). From 6 to 11 months of age (period 1)
and from 12 to 13 months of age (period 2), they were fed diets with
different energy (UFL) and protein (PDI) levels according to IZ-INRA
requirements (2001). In group K the diets met 100% of the requirement
for UFL and PDI and were formulated to achieve daily gains of 700 g. In
the other groups compared to group K, UFL and PDI levels in period 1
and 2 were (%): 85/85 and 115/115 (group A); 85/115 and 100/100 (group
B); 115/85 and 100/100 (group C); 115/115 and 115/115 (group D)
respectively. From 14 months of age to 3 weeks before calving, all the
heifers were fed the same diets as in group K. Thereafter heifers were
fed with rations formulated for dairy cows, assuming the maximum
production (MP) at peak lactation to be 30 kg milk per day. In each age
group and prior to and after calving, highly significant relationships
were found between body condition score (BCS) on a 5-point scale and
subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) on the back. Increasing the energy
(UFL) and protein (PDI) level in the diet to 115% of the IZ-INRA
requirement (2001), formulated for a daily gain of 700 g in prepubertal
(period 1) and postpubertal (period 2) heifers, improved body
condition, increased body fatness within the range considered optimal
for this breed, and helped to obtain heavier and taller animals after
puberty. This way of feeding the heifers had no adverse effect on
reproductive parameters, but reduced age at first calving and had a
favourable effect on dairy performance of first-calving cows over the
first 100 days of lactation.
Key words: heifers, Black-and-White breed, reproductive performance, dairy performance, feeding
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 125-133
Effect of calcium-magnesium carbonate and magnesium carbonate on magnesium retention and absorption in growing sheep
Wacław Zyzak 1 , Franciszek Brzóska 2 , Barbara Brzóska 2 ,
Jolanta Michalec-Dobija 1
1 Animal Production Experimental Station, Grodziec Sląski (Lipowa), 43-386 Swiętoszówka, Poland
2 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Wethers with an average weight of 40.5±3.0 kg were supplemented with
magnesium in the form of dolomite (570 to 1790 mg/day) and magnesite
(170 to 1800 mg/day). Magnesium retention and absorption was
investigated. The experiment was carried out with 25 Pogórza sheep
wethers assigned by drawing to 5 groups. The sheep were given feed
which contained (g/kg d.m.): glucose (290), potato starch (280),
cellulose (300), urea (40), sunflower oil (40) and minerals (50).
Growing dolomite doses increased magnesium retention, true absorption
and the amount of faecal and urinary magnesium. True absorption of
magnesium in the range of magnesium intake from dolomite of 35.2 to
110.2 mg/kg metabolic body weight increased from 5.9 to 49.1 mg Mg/kg
metabolic body weight. True absorption of magnesium in the wethers was
high at 16.6 to 52.9% of dietary magnesium intake. Magnesium in blood
serum rose from 1.88 mg/dl in the groups given no magnesium to 2.35 and
3.33 mg Mg/dl in the groups given 35.2 and 110.2 mg Mg/kg metabolic
body weight/day, respectively. True absorption of magnesium in the
range of Mg intake from magnesite of 40.7 to 130.8 mg/kg metabolic body
weight increased from 8.5 to 50.9 mg Mg/kg metabolic body weight. True
absorption of magnesium ranged from 21.0 to 38.9% of dietary magnesium
intake. The higher magnesium intake from magnesite and the higher true
absorption were accompanied by an increase in serum magnesium from 0.96
mg/dl in the groups given no magnesium to 2.22 and 2.31 mg/dl in the
groups receiving 101.1 and 130.8 mg Mg/kg metabolic body weight/day,
respectively. When the magnesium intake from magnesite was slightly
higher, its serum content was lower than for dolomite intake.
Key words: magnesium, availability, sheep
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 135-144
Chemical composition of modified rye and its effect on productive parameters and carcasses of broiler chickens
Franciszek Brzóska 1 , Witold Brzeziński 2
1 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
2 Research Centre for Cultivar Testing, 63-022 Słupia Wielka, Poland
Abstract
Chemical composition and usefulness of traditional and modified rye
in broiler chicken nutrition were investigated. A fragment of wheat
chromosome with the locus Glu-D1 encoding high molecular
weight glutenin was transferred into the rye. The modified rye
contained more crude protein, crude fat and N-free extractives. It also
had more amino acids, including lysine (4.12 g/kg) and methionine (1.93
g/kg). The content of alkylresorcinols in both forms of rye was 1.40
g/kg, and the content of soluble pentosans was 16.8 and 16.4 g/kg
respectively. Feeding the broilers with concentrate mixtures containing
15% of rye grain did not result in significant differences in body
weights of 2.25±0.03 kg (range of 2.21 kg to 2.28 kg). In the group fed
with modified rye, body weight was 30 g/bird lower than in the
maize-fed group and 60 g lower than in the group given wheat and
traditional rye. Feed intake during the whole rearing period averaged
5.06 kg (range of 4.72 to 5.29 kg/bird), being higher for the feed
containing traditional and modified rye. Feed conversion averaged 2.34
kg/kg (range of 2.18 to 2.48 kg/kg) and was lower for the mixtures
containing both forms of rye. Chicken mortality averaged 6.40%,
including 2.03% in the first period of rearing and 4.37% in the second.
Hot dressing percentage averaged 71.41±0.72% and cold dressing
percentage was 73.00±0.35% with no significant differences among the
groups. Hot carcass weight was 25.7±2.05 g/bird and was significantly
lower in the groups fed with wheat and modified rye and with wheat and
barley (P=0.01). Weights of kidney fat, gizzard, liver, paws, leg bones
and skin did not show significant differences among the groups.
Modifying the rye to enhance its baking value improved its chemical and
amino acid composition. There were no significant changes in the
content of antinutritional factors in both forms of rye. Giving the
chickens both forms of rye at 15% of the diet did not result in
significant differences in body weights and carcass composition.
Key words: rye grain, modification, growth of chickens, feed conversion, carcass quality
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 145-153
The effect of pure saturated fatty acids on cholesterol and triacylglycerol level in rats
Piotr Hanczakowski, Beata Szymczyk, Witold Szczurek
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
A 5-week experiment on rats was performed to estimate
cholesterolemic activity of saturated fatty acids (SFA): lauric,
myristic, palmitic and stearic and to compare it with the effect of
olive and linseed oils. The experimental groups consisted of 6 male
rats weighing about 160 g at the beginning of the experiment.
Semi-synthetic diets in which estimated acids or oils were the only
sources of fat were used. After completing the experiment, rats' blood
was collected by cardiac puncture and total cholesterol (TC), its
high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TAG)
were estimated. The low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL-C) was
calculated as a difference between TC and HDL-C. It was found that SFA
promoted higher body weight gains than plant oils. Rats fed with
linseed oil had the lowest level of all estimated lipids and in the
case of TC and TAG these differences were significant and highly
significant, respectively. There was no significant difference in TC
content in blood of rats fed all the remaining fats. The largest
(highly significant) differences were found in the TAG levels. Its
content in blood of rats receiving palmitic acid (1.09 mmol l -1 ) was
twice as high as that of rats fed with linseed oil (0.53 mmol l -1 ).
Content of cholesterol in thigh muscle, different in different groups,
was not related to its level in blood. In conclusion it can be stated
that pure saturated fatty acids C 12 � C 18 fed to rats resulted in
high body weight gains and had no hypercholesterolemic activity when
compared to olive oil.
Key words: rats, fatty acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerols
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 155-161
The effect of different starches and proteins on serum lipid profile in the rat
Piotr Hanczakowski, Beata Szymczyk, Iwona Furgał-Dierżuk
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n.
Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Eight-week-old male Albino rats in six groups of 6 rats each were used
to test the effect of wheat, maize and rice starch on serum lipid
profile. Each of the three groups of rats receiving different starches
were fed with diets based on casein or soy protein isolate. The
experiment lasted 60 days. The animals had free access to feed and
water. No significant differences in body weight gains of rats were
found. The type of starch had a significant effect on total cholesterol
- TC (P<0.05), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and
triacylglycerols (TAG) level in serum of rats (P<0.01). Wheat starch
caused the highest level of all lipids analysed except that of LDL-C.
Soy protein isolate resulted in a higher (P<0.01) level of TC and
LDL-C and a slightly higher level of HDL-C but this difference was not
statistically significant. It may be concluded that in this experiment
the effects of different dietary starches on serum cholesterol and
triacylglycerol level were more evident than those of dietary proteins.
Key words : rats, dietary starch, dietary protein, serum lipids.
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 163-171
The effect of management practices on the occurrence of intestinal nematodes in pigs
Paweł Nosal
Department of Zoology and Ecology, Agricultural University of Cracow, al. A. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Abstract
A total of 2391 gilts, 8-10 weeks old, originating from 88 pedigree
farms in Poland, were examined coprologically in a field study.
Nematodes were found in 25.1% of the population studied, and the mean
intensity equalled 1206 eggs per gram of faeces (epg). Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum sp. were the predominant parasites, whereas Trichuris suis and Strongyloides ransomi
eggs occurred only rarely. The gilts from larger herds (with a minimum
of 25 sows in breeding stock) had significantly (P<0.05) lower odds
of being infected compared with those from smaller ones (having up to
25 sows per herd). Significant seasonal variations in the levels of
helminth and A. suum infections were observed (P<0.01 and
P<0.05, respectively), with the highest egg excretion in the summer
months. The results suggest the great importance of management factors
in relation to the helminthosis in swine herds.
Key words: helminths, swine
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 173-179
The course and control of coccidiosis in goats
Aleksandra Balicka-Ramisz 1 , Bogumiła Pilarczyk 1 , Vovk Stakh Osipovic 2
1 Department of Animal Hygiene and Prophylaxis, Agricultural University, Doktora Judyma 6, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland
2 Lviv State Agrarian University, Lviv-Dubljany, 80381, Ukraine
Abstract
The study was carried out in a flock of 145 goats. Nine species of coccidia were found: Eimeria
christenseni, E. arloingi, E. jolchijev, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E.
alijevi, E. apsheronica, E. caprina, E. caprovina and E. hirci .
Eighty one per cent of adults and 100 per cent of kids were infected.
Number of oocysts per g of faeces ranged from 1 400 to 203 000.
Clinical symptoms in about 50 per cent of kids were observed.
Toltrazuril (Baycox, Bayer) was highly efficacious at 20 mg/kg of body
weight in treatment of goat coccidiosis. After Baycox natrum
administration single oocysts were found only in 4 kids.
Key words: goats, coccidiosis, infection rate, control, Baycox
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 181-186
Long-term profitability of cow milk production
Stanisława Okularczyk
Department of Technology, Ecology and Economics of Animal Production,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Long-term profitability of cow milk production was studied over
1991-2003 in 49 farms situated in different regions of Poland. Cow
stocking density, scale of production, milk yield, quality and prices,
feed and non-feed costs, and agricultural revenue and income were
investigated. In the hierarchy of profitability factors, milk yield,
milk quality and proportion of farm-produced feeds in cow feeding were
found to occupy the highest position. It was calculated that a stocking
density of 28 cows (yielding 4500 kg milk) to 12 high-performance cows
(yielding 8500 kg milk) is necessary to obtain an agricultural income
comparable to average wages outside agriculture.
Key words: cow milk, yield, quality, scale of production, profitability
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 187-196
Relationship between milk purchase price and retail price of some
dairy products as a measure of the economic status of the farmer, a
link in the raw materials chain
Anna Szumiec
Department of Technology, Ecology and Economics of Animal Production,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Data were gathered to estimate the relationship between farmer as a
link in the raw materials chain and the retail price of dairy products.
The studies were conducted in dairies and dairy shops from
south-eastern Poland over the period 1999-2001. Milk purchase prices
paid to farmers by the processing industry, total unit production costs
of some product ranges in the dairies, prices of product ranges sold by
the dairies to retailers, retail prices in shops, and share of the milk
purchase price in the retail prices of different dairy products were
investigated. Average results for the whole study period in all dairies
and dairy shops were the following: milk purchase price 0.69 zl/l,
production costs: full-fat curd cheese 5.81 zl/kg, medium-fat curd
cheese 5.05 zl/kg, maturing rennet cheese 9.79 zl/kg, dairy cream 5.56
zl/l, butter 10.95 zl/kg, kefir 0.81 zl/l; prices paid by retailers to
dairies: full-fat curd cheese 6.41 zl/kg, medium-fat curd cheese 6.11
zl/kg, maturing rennet cheese 11.39 zl/kg, dairy cream 4.92 zl/l,
butter 11.22 zl/kg, kefir 1.01 zl/l; retail prices in dairy shops:
full-fat curd cheese 7.14 zl/kg, medium-fat curd cheese 6.87 zl/kg,
maturing rennet cheese 12.12 zl/kg, dairy cream 5.51 zl/l, butter 11.92
zl/kg, kefir 1.18 zl/l; share of the milk purchase price in the retail
price of dairy products: full-fat curd cheese 9.66%, medium-fat curd
cheese 10.04%, maturing rennet cheese 5.69%, dairy cream 12.52%, butter
5.79%, kefir 58.47%.
Key words: market, price criteria, retail price, supply, demand
Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 1 (2004) 197-203
Profitability trends in pig production in 1991-2003
Stanisława Okularczyk
Department of Technology, Ecology and Economics of Animal Production,
National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
Abstract
Closed-cycle pig farms were investigated for total costs and
agricultural incomes. Prices of all means of production and costs of
rearing and fattening pigs were found to increase from 1991 to 2003.
Variations in prices of piglets and live pigs were not cyclical and
showed a slight increase. Profitability of pig production decreased
over the study period as a result of marked differences in the rate and
scale of the price increases. The minimum scale of production that
brought parity income in agriculture rose over twice from 1991 to 2003.
To achieve an income comparable with wages outside agriculture, a
producer had to sell 295 pigs in 1991 and 710 pigs in 2003. When
feeding pigs with purchased feeds that are more expensive, the parity
income is obtained by selling 840 pigs. The costs of pig production in
the state sector are 32% higher on average than in the private sector.
This sector is additionally burdened with employment costs among
others.
Key words: rearing of piglets, fattening, economics, costs, income